Voluntary absence – on the fuzzy transition to remote teaching during the Covid-19 pandemic

Looking back, it might seem as if all higher education in Sweden switched to remote teaching on March 18, following a government decision the day before. Instead, higher education had started to change from within already a couple of weeks earlier, as teachers and students reacted to the pandemic. To document and to try and understand what was going on, I sent out questionnaires to the students in the second half of March 2020, followed by interviews with the teachers, at the Bachelor Programme in Digital Cultures at Lund University. The subject was if students and teachers had stayed home from or changed their teaching, already before March 18. The timeline proved fuzzier, and filled with individual actions and deliberations, than the simple historical assertion that from one day to the next a government decision was made to switch to remote teaching. In March 2020, the students acted first to adapt to the pandemic, followed by the teachers, and then the university management. The understanding of the events differed between teachers and students, and there seemed to be barriers to the communication between the two groups, when major external events affect the university. It appears that microcultures of different approaches to the pandemic formed early, presumably in the tension between the massively media-reported handling of the pandemic in the rest of the world, and the lack of clear guidance from the government and the University, in March 2020. © 2022 Daniel Persson. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/BY/4.0/), allowing third parties to share their work (copy, distribute, transmit) and to adapt it, under the condition that the authors are given credit, that the work is not used for commercial purposes, and that in the event of reuse or distribution, the terms of this license are made clear.

Uncovering the interplay between hypertension and the inflammatory response for the patient affected by COVID-19 via mathematical modeling and computer-based analysis

We explore here the systems-based regulatory mechanisms that determine human blood pressure patterns. This in the context of the reported negative association between hypertension and COVID-19 disease. We are particularly interested in the key role that plays angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), one of the first identified receptors that enable the entry of the SARS-CoV-2 virus into a cell. Taking into account the two main systems involved in the regulation of blood pressure, that is, the Renin-Angiotensin system and the Kallikrein-Kinin system, we follow a Bottom-Up systems biology modeling approach in order to built the discrete Boolean model of the gene regulatory network that underlies both the typical hypertensive phenotype and the hypotensive/normotensive phenotype. These phenotypes correspond to the dynamic attractors of the regulatory network modeled on the basis of publicly available experimental information. Our model recovers the observed phenotypes and shows the key role played by the inflammatory response in the emergence of hypertension. Source code go to the next url: https://github.com/cxro-cc/red_ras_kks © 2023, EasyChair. All rights reserved.

A Modified Bottom Up Approach to Estimate Expected Demand Reduction During a Rare Event

Indian power system witnessed its largest very short-time demand ramping during light off event conducted to express solidarity with COVID-19 volunteers. 32 GW demand ramping was observed within 25 minutes and recorded as the highest ramping event across the globe. System operator has taken precautions and successfully handled the event with the help of hydro generation. However, system experienced severe frequency and voltage deviations due to unexpected consumer behaviour. A systematic study and an in-depth analysis of such a severe event would help system operators and planners to prepare for similar events. This paper presents a critical analysis of the activity and conducted a survey to understand consumer response during that event. It also proposes a modified Bottom-Up Approach to estimate Expected Demand Reduction (EDR) for such critical events. Proposed model is validated using data collected from the conducted survey. Proposed EDR estimation model offers better results than the Top Down and Bottom-up approach models used by system operator. © 2022 IEEE.

Impact of Disruption on Ship Emissions in Port: Case of Pandemic in Long Beach

To achieve environmental sustainability on ships, stakeholders should make efforts to reduce emissions. Port authorities are crucial to attain this goal by introducing new policies. This study takes the Port of Long Beach as an example to assess port-wide ship emissions and explain the significance of shore power policy. Additionally, the study considers the impact of disruptions, such as the COVID pandemic, on ship emissions. The analysis compares data from three years before and after the pandemic to examine the relationship between ship waiting times, quantities, and emissions. The findings indicate that the majority of port-wide ship emissions are generated by berthing or anchoring vessels, from ship auxiliary engines and boilers. Furthermore, ship congestion due to reduced port productivity during the pandemic significantly increased emissions from berthing and anchoring vessels, with the emission proportion increasing from 68% to 86%. Adopting the shore power policy has effectively reduced ship emissions in port areas, and increasing the number of ships utilising shore power will be instrumental in tackling excessive ship emissions.

Review on Generation and Characterization of Copper Particles and Copper Composites Prepared by Mechanical Milling on a Lab-Scale.

This review aims to expose mechanical milling as an alternative method for generating copper-based particles (copper particles (CuP) and copper composites (CuC)); more specifically, via a top-down or bottom-up approach, on a lab-scale. This work will also highlight the different parameters that can affect the size distribution, the type, and the morphology of the obtained CuP or CuC, such as the type of mechanical mill, ball-to-powder ratios (BPR), the milling speed, milling time, and the milling environment, among others. This review analyzes various papers based on the Cu-based particle generation route, which begins with a pretreatment step, then mechanical milling, its approach (top-down or bottom-up), and the post-treatment. Finally, the characterization methods of the resulting CuP and CuC through mechanical milling are also discussed.

Potential pathways to reach energy-related CO2 emission peak in China: analysis of different scenarios.

The prevalence of global unilateralism and the shock of COVID-19 brought considerable uncertainty to China's economic development. Consequently, policy selection related to the economy, industry, and technology is expected to significantly impact China's national economic potential and carbon emission mitigation. This study used a bottom-up energy model to assess the future energy consumption and CO2 emission trend before 2035 under three scenarios: a high-investment scenario (HIS), a medium-growth scenario (MGS), and an innovation-driven scenario (IDS). These were also used to predict the energy consumption and CO2 emission trend for the final sectors and calculate each sector's mitigation contribution. The main findings were as follows. Firstly, under HIS, China would achieve its carbon peak in 2030, with 12.0 Gt CO2. Moderately lowering the economic growth rate to support the low-carbon transition of the economy by boosting the development of the low-carbon industry and speeding up the employment of key low-carbon technologies to improve energy efficiency and optimize energy structure in the final sectors, the MGS and the IDS would achieve carbon peak approximately in 2025, with a peak of 10.7 Gt CO2 for the MGS and 10.0 Gt CO2 for the IDS. Several policy recommendations were proposed to meet China's nationally determined contribution targets: instigating more active development goals for each sector to implement the "1+N" policy system, taking measures to accelerate the R&D, boosting the innovation and application of key low-carbon technologies, strengthening economic incentives, forming an endogenous driving force for market-oriented emission reduction, and assessing the climate impacts of new infrastructure projects.

Big data Citizen-centred smart city governance. Evidence from Wuhan and the Coronavirus battle

Smart City governance is a topical subject and many scholars have developed diverse top-down and bottom-up models and frameworks. This paper presents insights from a qualitative and exploratory investigation from the city of Wuhan, China. It proposes and develops a novel urban governance, citizen-oriented and leveraging different emerging technologies such as mobile, social media and Big data. Our empirical results describe the actions realized by the Wuhan local government against the coronavirus epidemic disease between January and March 2020 to monitor the temperature of the citizenship and authorize or not their displacement in order to minimize the cross-contamination and avoid a large human mortality. Our conclusions corroborate the existence of this novel ICT urban governance model. In doing so, the paper advances our understanding of modern urban organization model which comprises of a 360° citizen holistic view, a data-oriented decision-making process and a centralized perspective of the citizen during all the data life cycle. The heuristic that manages this new governance model suggests ex-ante actions at individual or group level and largely exploits public and private sector information breaking (temporarily if necessary) the individual privacy rules for the purpose of its action. © 2022 IEEE.

Training and Skills Development for the Circular Economy in the Current Geopolitical Context: A Bottom-Up Design Focused on Community Need and Social Enterprise

The rise of circular economic thinking in academic literature can be traced back to Boulding's work on open and closed systems in the 1960s. Since then, the Circular Economy (CE) has been developed as a model to facilitate environmentally sustainable production and consumption, as well as economic and social prosperity. Recent geopolitical destabilising events such as Covid-19, and the war in Ukraine, have further increased the urgency of finding practical solutions to the climate crisis. In this paper we will explore industrial transformation, and how it can best adapt to a more circular and greener landscape from the perspective of economic activity and social prosperity. Training, or retraining of the workforce with the new skills they will need must be targeted and part of a unifying strategy, locally, nationally, and ultimately, globally. We present a conceptual paper on this theme and present initial work carried out to co-design and deliver training to disadvantaged individuals;working with local authorities, community charities and social enterprises and focusing on the grassroots of the drive to promote and establish the system wide changes needed to shift from linear to circular economic practice. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

Financial conditions and the well-being of the real estate sector—A bottom-up default analysis on five ASEAN economies

This paper investigates the impact of financial conditions, for example, cross-border capital flows, interest rates and foreign exchange rates, on the well-being of the real estate developers in five Association of Southeast Asian Nations economies. The study uses a Bottom-up Default Analysis model to stress test their creditworthiness by reproducing the financial shocks during the global financial crisis, taper tantrum, and the U.S.-China trade war and COVID-19 pandemic. The median developers remain sound under the prescribed adversities. The performance is underpinned by their strong fundamentals and a conducive mix of monetary, foreign exchange, and open capital account policies by national authorities. © 2021 Western Economic Association International.

Infusing educational technologies in the heart of the university—A systematic literature review from an organisational perspective

Educational technologies have experienced unprecedented prominence on university agendas with many institutions motivated to keep the lessons learned from the COVID-19 sparked transition with regard to online teaching. In response to this renewed interest in ensuring the longevity of educational technologies in higher education, this systematic review analysed the various organisational factors—for example, leadership, infrastructure, strategy—considered essential in the literature for the successful implementation of educational technologies. Specifically, we reviewed 1614 papers published in five prominent educational technology journals in the last decade. From this sample, we identified 47 papers that discussed organisational factors. Drawing on these studies, we constructed an organisational framework, which outlines the different organisational factors, actors and processes involved in implementing educational technologies. The identified organisational factors are structured into three main categories: (1) Leadership and Strategy, (2) Infrastructure and Resources and (3) Recognition and Motivation. Our aim was to further the scholarly understanding of the organisational layer involved in digital change as well as provide concrete recommendations for practitioners. Practitioner notes What is already known about this topic Previous research has stressed the importance of taking organisational factors such as infrastructure, leadership, strategy and staff commitment into account when implementing educational technologies. However, review papers have failed to systematically organise these studies to create a comprehensive understanding of the organisational factors involved in implementing educational technologies and ensuring their longevity at an institution. There is currently a high level of interest in how educational technologies can be implemented in the higher education landscape, as many institutions are facing the question of what lessons they can learn from the crisis and how they can continue on their path of digitalisation. What this paper adds This review paper addresses a gap in our scholarly understanding of the organisational layers involved in the implementation of educational technologies in higher education institutions (HEIs). This paper provides a framework on organisational factors, which influence the implementation of educational technologies in HEIs. This review paper demonstrates that bottom-up and opinion leadership, support structures tailored to the need and time of faculty as well as recognition and incentives have the largest impact on a sustainable implementation of educational technologies in HEIs. Implications for practice and/or policy Universities should create structures that enable innovation and creativity by promoting bottom-up and opinion leadership as well as shared decision-making processes as they are important for the successful implementation of educational technologies in HEIs. Besides providing a reliable and suitable infrastructure, institutional support and resources in terms of technical advice and training tailored to specific needs, should be in place when planning the implementation of educational technologies in HEIs. The additional workload instructors face when implementing digital teaching should be recognised and incentivised as it strengthens instructor engagement which is crucial for the implementation of educational technologies in HEIs. © 2022 The Authors. British Journal of Educational Technology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of British Educational Research Association.

Emission footprint of 2019 cruise traffic in the port of Dubrovnik

In this study, the environmental footprint within a designated area is determined by an inventory of air pollutants (including toxic and greenhouse gases) emissions generated. The designated area of concern is the port of Dubrovnik, a well-known cruise ship destination, where a major source of pollutant emissions is the diesel engines of the ships operating in the port. This research was undertaken for the port of Dubrovnik in connection with the development of the national strategy and the need for determining the inventory of air pollutants. It was conducted for the last pre – COVID-19 year, 2019. In this paper, after a short introduction, the basic data of the port of Dubrovnik and the marine traffic (predominantly cruisers) in 2019 are provided, obtained from publicly available data. Next, the emission estimate methodology based on a bottom-up approach is described. The inventory analysis was undertaken from the port boundary to the PWD (pier/wharf/dock) and back. The basic equations for evaluation during cruising, maneuvering, and hoteling are given along with the corresponding data. The aggregated results are presented in the form of tables and column charts. These results show that the generation of CO2 highly dominates. Regarding the pollution analyzed NOx dominates. The results of this study could be of interest for later studies on environmental pollution in the region of Dubrovnik-Neretva County and the Croatian coast. © Faculty of Maritime Studies Rijeka, 2022.

Wastewater Surveillance for SARS-CoV-2 RNA in Canada

Wastewater surveillance for SARS-CoV-2 RNA is a relatively recent adaptation of long-standing wastewater surveillance for infectious and other harmful agents. Individuals infected with COVID-19 were found to shed SARS-CoV-2 in their faeces. Researchers around the world confirmed that SARS-CoV-2 RNA fragments could be detected and quantified in community wastewater. Canadian academic researchers, largely as volunteer initiatives, reported proof-of-concept by April 2020. National collaboration was initially facilitated by the Canadian Water Network.Many public health officials were initially skeptical about actionable information being provided by wastewater surveillance even though experience has shown that public health surveillance for a pandemic has no single, perfect approach. Rather, different approaches provide different insights, each with its own strengths and limitations. Public health science must triangulate among different forms of evidence to maximize understanding of what is happening or may be expected. Well-conceived, resourced, and implemented wastewater-based platforms can provide a cost-effective approach to support other conventional lines of evidence. Sustaining wastewater monitoring platforms for future surveillance of other disease targets and health states is a challenge. Canada can benefit from taking lessons learned from the COVID-19 pandemic to develop forward-looking interpretive frameworks and capacity to implement, adapt, and expand such public health surveil-lance capabilities.

Environmental impact assessment of passenger ferries and cruise vessels: the case study of Crete

Year 2020 was a milestone year for shipping both positively and negatively: the insecurity of people to move freely due to the Covid-19 pandemic imposed travel restrictions, while on the other hand the enforced Directives and Regulations (i.e. fuel sulfur standards) contribute to the reduction of harmful air emissions from shipping. The scope of the paper is to present some important findings regarding induced air emissions in ports due to shipping activities. Two Greek major ports have been used as a case study to estimate fuel-energy consumption and air emissions (CO2, SOx, NOx, PM10) due to passenger ferries and cruise ships for three consecutive years (i.e. 2018-2020). Due to the lack of publically available technical data, a bottom-up methodology has been employed for air emissions estimation which is based on the calculation of SFOC values through a regression analysis that leads to accurate and reliable results.

Use of Social Media for Implementing Diagnoses, Consultation, Training, and Case Reporting Among Medical Professionals to Improve Patient Care: Case Study of WeChat Groups Across Health Care Settings.

BACKGROUND: Health professionals in low- and middle-resource settings have limited access to up-to-date resources for diagnosing and treating illnesses, training medical staff, reviewing newly disseminated guidelines and publications, and preparing data for international disease reporting. A concomitant difficulty in high-resource settings is the need for continuing education and skills up-training in innovative procedures on unfamiliar social media platforms. These challenges can delay both patient care and epidemiological surveillance efforts. To overcome these challenges, health professionals have adapted WeChat Groups to implement timely, low-cost, and high-quality patient care. OBJECTIVE: The primary study aim was to describe the processes taken by medical professionals across their diverse physical and virtual networks in adapting a bottom-up approach to collectively overcome resource shortages. The secondary study aim was to delineate the pathways, procedures, and resource/information sharing implemented by medical professionals using an international publicly available popular social media app (WeChat) to enhance performance of facility-based procedures and protocols for improved patient care. METHODS: In-depth interviews, observations, and digital ethnography of WeChat Groups communications were collected from medical professionals in interconnected networks of health care facilities. Participants' WeChat Groups usage and observations of their professional functions in interconnected networks were collected from November 2018 to 2019. Qualitative analysis and thematic coding were used to develop constructs and themes in NVivo. Constructs incorporated descriptions for the implementation and uses of WeChat Groups for professional connections, health care procedures, and patient care. Themes supporting the constructs focused on the pathways and venues used by medical professionals to build trust, to establish and solidify online networks, and to identify requests and resource sharing within WeChat Groups. RESULTS: There were 58 participants (males 36 and females 22) distributed across 24 health care settings spanning geographical networks in south China. Analysis yielded 4 constructs and 11 themes delineating the bottom-up usage of WeChat Groups among clinicians, technicians, nurses, pharmacists, and public health administrators. Participants used WeChat Groups for collectively training hospital staff in complex new procedures, processing timely diagnoses of biological specimens, staying abreast of latest trends and clinical procedures and symptoms, and contributing to case reporting for emergent illnesses and international surveillance reporting. An unexpected strength of implementing clinical, training, and research support on a popular app with international coverage is the added ability to overcome administrative and geographic barriers in resource distribution. This advantage increased a network's access to WeChat Groups members both working within China and abroad, greatly expanding the scope of shared resources. CONCLUSIONS: The organic, bottom-up approach of repurposing extant social media apps is low cost and efficient for timely implementation to improve patient care. WeChat's international user base enables medical staff to access widespread professional networks across geographic, administrative, and economic barriers, with potential to reduce health disparities in low-resource settings.

Super-resolution wavelets for recovery of arbitrarily close point-masses with arbitrarily small coefficients

Three families of super-resolution (SR) wavelets Ψv,ng(x), Ψu,n,ms(x) and Ψw,n,mds(x), to be called Gaussian SR (GSR), spline SR (SSR) and dual-spline SR (DSSR) wavelets, respectively, are introduced in this paper for resolving the super-resolution problem of recovering any point-mass h(y)=∑ℓ=1Lcℓδ(y−σℓ), with ;σℓ−σk;≥η for ℓ≠k, σℓ≠0, and ;cℓ;>η⁎ for all ℓ,k=1,…,L, where η>0 and η⁎>0 are allowed to be arbitrarily small. Let Ψα,n=Ψv,ng, Ψu,n,ms or Ψw,n,mds, with α=v,u or w, respectively, where m=12,1,2,⋯ is suppressed. The SR wavelets are designed to have the n-th order of vanishing moments, with Fourier transform of their complex conjugates Ψ¯ˆα,n(x) to possess the following properties: (i) Ψ¯ˆα,n(x)≥0 for all x∈R, (ii) maxx⁡Ψ¯ˆα,n(x)=Ψ¯ˆα,n(κ)=ξn, where κ≐2.331122371 and ξ≐1.449222080 are positive constants independent of n,α and m, and (iii) the widths (or standard deviations) of Ψ¯ˆα,n(x), with center at κ, tends to 0 very fast for large values of α. While the most popular approach to resolve this super-resolution problem is to consider the Fourier transform d(x)=∑ℓ=1Lcℓe−iσℓx of h(y) as the “data function” for solving the inverse problem of recovering L, σ1,⋯,σL and c1,⋯,cL of the point-mass d(x), our proposed approach is to consider the “enhanced data function” D(a;α,n):=FΨα,n(a)=∑ℓ=1LcℓΨ¯ˆα,n(aσℓ), where FΨα,n(a), to be called the search function in this paper, is obtained by taking the continuous wavelet transform (CWT): (WΨα,nd)(t,a)=∫−∞∞Ψα,n(y−ta)‾d(y)dya of the data function d(x), with Ψα,n as the analysis wavelet, followed by applying wavelet thresholding to “de-noise” the data function d(x), by choosing an appropriate thresholding parameter γ>0, with γ<η⁎×ξn, in order not to remove any of the coefficients cℓ, where ℓ=1,⋯,L;and finally by setting t=0. Hence, the enhanced data function D(a;α,n) is at least cleaner than the data function d(x). In our proposed approach, instead of directly recovering σ1,⋯,σL as in the published literature, we propose a “divide and conquer” strategy: first by applying “bottom-up thresholding” of the search function FΨα,n(a), with thresholding parameter γ⁎>0 close to but not exceeding η⁎×ξn, to separate the set of the local extrema locations aℓ:=κσℓ of the function FΨα,n(a) in {a∈R:a≠0} into disjoint intervals of clusters, with more and smaller intervals and less number of local extrema aℓ in each interval for larger values of α;and secondly, by applying “top-down thresholding” to extract, one-by-one, of all local maxima, followed by all local minima (after a sign change), for each and every cluster. A desired leeway Δ>0 and lower bounds of the choice of the width parameter α are derived for the iterative application of top-down thresholding. Extension to Rs for s≥2 is also studied in this paper. For s=2, we observe that the imagery of the enhanced data function for a single point-mass at (σ1,σ2) where σ1,σ2≠0, resembles that of an “Airy disk” with center at (κ/σ1,κ/σ2) in light microscopy and celestial telescopy of point-masses.

The impact of the COVID-19 lockdown on greenhouse gases: a multi-city analysis of in situ atmospheric observations

We tested the capabilities of urban greenhouse gas (GHG) measurement networks to detect abrupt changes in emissions, such as those caused by the roughly 6-week COVID-19 lockdown in March 2020 using hourly in situ GHG mole fraction measurements from six North American cities. We compared observed changes in CO2, CO, and CH4 for different mole fraction metrics (diurnal amplitude, vertical gradients, enhancements, within-hour variances, and multi-gas enhancement ratios) during 2020 relative to previous years for three periods: pre-lockdown, lockdown, and ongoing recovery. The networks showed decreases in CO2 and CO metrics during the lockdown period in all cities for all metrics, while changes in the CH4 metrics were variable across cities and not statistically significant. Traffic decreases in 2020 were correlated with the changes in GHG metrics, whereas changes in meteorology and biology were not, implying that decreases in the CO2 and CO metrics were related to reduced emissions from traffic and demonstrating the sensitivity of these tower networks to rapid changes in urban emissions. The enhancements showed signatures of the lockdowns more consistently than the three micrometeorological methods, possibly because the urban measurements are collected at relatively high altitudes to be sensitive to whole-city emissions. This suggests that urban observatories might benefit from a mixture of measurement altitudes to improve observational network sensitivity to both city-scale and more local fluxes.

Multi-Agent simulation modeling of Corona Virus Disease 2019 transmission based on various age groups

Multi-Agent System (MAS) is an important branch of artificial intelligence research. This study uses the bottom-up characteristics of multi-agents to construct multi-agent simulation models for Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) virus prevention and control based on different age groups. The development of the epidemic and the infection of residents of all ages under different prevention and control measures issued by the government were studied. The simulation results proved that the multi-agent modeling method could effectively capture the emergence of complex systems. Its experimental conclusions provided a basis for predicting the development of the epidemic and provide scientific support for government decision-making. © 2021 IEEE.

Upwards Workplace Bullying: A Literature Review

There is a large body of international literature on most aspects of workplace bullying, yet there are only a few research articles dealing with bullying of bosses, managers, and leaders by their subordinates and staff members. Over time the term “upwards bullying” has been accepted as the generic term to describe this phenomenon but using these search terms does not provide a comprehensive indication of relevant publications. This literature review identifies and collates English language research on upwards bullying to document its research status, its lack of visibility in the workplace, and to connect upwards bullying with related research on aggression against supervisors and managers. Included is research that specifically labels the phenomena as upwards or upward bullying, along with related terms of subordinate-initiated bullying, supervisor-targeted bullying, bottom-up bullying, bullying the manager, and bullying the boss. Nonacademic publications are not included, nor is research on related workplace misbehavior such as cyberbullying, legal action resulting from upwards bullying or whistle blowers, and extortion or blackmail. Areas for further exploration in the field are identified with indicators of how this type of workplace bullying differs from lateral and downward bullying. Coverage up to the year 2020 is provided with the expectation that the trend of working from home driven by safety considerations during the COVID-19 epidemic could change employee responses and reactions to their workplace leaders and management.

Women in hospitality and tourism: a study of the top-down and bottom-up dynamics

Purpose>This study aims to investigate the impact of women’s representation at one hierarchical level on women’s representation above or below that level. No past research investigated these effects in the hospitality and tourism industries. The mixed results of research in other industries and across industries demand tests of curvilinearity and moderators.Design/methodology/approach>Using annual equality reports, a panel data set for 2010–2019 was created for the hospitality and tourism industries. The sample of 581 organizations had up to 5,810 observations over the 10 years.Findings>The analyses show the following effects of women’s representation: an inverted U-shape from management to non-management, a U-shape from non-management to management and a U-shape from management to the executive team, with more pronounced effect in small organizations.Practical implications>To increase the number of female employees, organizations should invest their resources in hiring and retaining female managers until a gender balance is reached while managing any backlash from men. The results suggest that organizations with more than 40% of women non-management employees and 50% of women managers start `experiencing positive bottom-up dynamics. Thus, efforts need to be made to attract and retain a women’s pipeline at the non-management and management levels.Originality/value>This study delivers pioneering evidence of the top-down and bottom-up phenomena in hospitality and tourism. It refines evidence of such effects found in past research conducted in other industries and across industries.

Restoring the medical supply Chain from below: The role of social entrepreneurship in the production of face masks during the COVID-19 crisis

The COVID-19 pandemic affected societies worldwide, compromising socio-technical systems across geographical, judicial, and administrative borders. It therefore a cross-border, transboundary crisis. It also exposed the global medical supply chain's vulnerability. Authorities' inability to restore it quickly caused serious problems in crisis response, but private initiatives provided unexpected bottom-up solutions. How social entrepreneurs respond to a crisis alongside the formal crisis governance system and generate resources related to product development and logistics deserves more attention. We therefore present a case study about a Dutch social enterprise (Refugee Company) engaged with the cross-border dimension of the COVID-19 crisis. We show it is possible to establish a supply chain and domestically produce personal protection equipment using a bottom-up approach. Policy and crisis governance should not overlook the potential of entrepreneurial activities to strengthen supply chains during crises, as they make supply chains more sustainable and crisis-resilient. © 2021 Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management, ISCRAM. All rights reserved.